They were later joined by unions and the Yellow Vests, a grassroots movement that emerged in 2018 as a revolt against fuel taxes.

Those demonstrations appear to have inspired similar protests across the continent, with protests erupting in Belgium, Spain, Italy and elsewhere.

Gen Z Protest in Berlin
People protest at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, on Saturday.Volodymyr Sindieiev / Anadolu / Getty

In Germany there were demonstrations organized by the campaign group Gen Z regelt (Gen Z takes charge) in more than 30 cities Saturday, including the capital Berlin and the financial hub Frankfurt.

The groups demand spending on schools, climate protection and housing, and are against plans to return to mandatory military service.

โ€œWe all have those images from France in our minds โ€” looting, burning houses, burning police vehicles, and attacks on police officers,โ€ said Roman Poseck, interior minister for the state of Hesse, whose capital is Frankfurt.

Protesters gathered in front of Berlinโ€™s Brandenburg Gate, as police said an additional 1,500 officers would be deployed throughout the city.

While most people rallied peacefully, some protests turned violent on Saturday night.

In downtown Frankfurt, some rioters smashed several storefronts and stole goods from inside. They also stole weapons from a gun store, which police were able to retrieve later. Some rioters also threw Molotov cocktails at police after pummeling them with stones and bottles earlier in the day, Frankfurt police said on X.

Elsewhere in Europe, a huge encampment of tents has occupied a square in Madrid since late last month, and thousands of people in Portugal have taken to the streets in the city of Lisbon. Tear gas and water cannons were also used on black-clad protesters in Brussels.

In the United Kingdom, hundreds of demonstrators are expected to gather outside the U.S. Embassy in London on Saturday and risk arrest in support of Palestine Action, a protest group banned by the British government.

In Serbia, student-led activism also helped unseat the countryโ€™s long-time leader at the ballot box.

Student protests in Rome as Italy braces for disruption on Oct. 30, 2026
Demonstrators gather at the Piazza della Repubblica in Rome on Friday.Sara Monetta / NBC News

In Italy, Prime Minister Giorgia Meloniโ€™s far-right government also said it would deploy 500 army troops alongside the police in Milan until the end of the year after groups of masked protesters looted stores in the fashion capital and elsewhere and threw projectiles at police earlier this month.

Tens of thousands of people again took to the streets of Rome on Friday and other cities and towns across the country.

The demonstrations were largely peaceful, but an NBC News crew saw police use a water cannon on protesters and groups of police charging to disperse protesters.

Italian police were out in force with riot brigades, drones and helicopters visible in the skies above the capital.

โ€œWe have been completely screwed by the fact that the wages do not keep up on inflation and the wages in general do not keep up with the cost of living,โ€ said Luca, a 20-year-old medical student who asked to have his last name withheld out of fear of repercussions from law enforcement.